CIVICS FOR FORM TWO NOTES
1.GOVERNMENT
A
government is an organized body of persons who form the machinery of the state.
Is a
system or an organization of ruling a county or a state.
It has
set laws that are followed by citizens.
It is a
body of persons running matters of state. The matters of state are being cared
by three joined bodies which are:
o Executive
o Legislature
o Judiciary
o All
three joint bodies are called branches (organs) of the state authority.
Types
of Governments in the world.
1.
Republic: this type of government
headed by a president who has executive powers. E.g. Tanzania.
2.
Monarch: this type is
under the king or queen, but it has the prime minister who oversees the daily
business of the government. E.g. U. K, Japan e.t.c.
3.
Dictatorship: is
headed by a single person or group of persons who come to power by force.
4.
Federation: formed when the
authority of government is divided into a central government and the government
of the units. E.g. U. S. A
5.
Democratic: is the type of
government which people choose their leaders and have a say in what the
government does. g. Tanzania.
6.
Union: this type of government
is formed when two or more independent states decide to join and form a single
government.
7.
Dominion: it is led by prime
minister but it still recognizes the British Queen as their head of state. E.
g. Canada.
Importance/
function of government
1.
Maintain peace
2.
Provide social services
3.
Enforces laws
4.
Promote national economy
5.
Makes law
6.
Maintain international relatives
7.
Punish law breakers
8.
Regulate international trade
CONSTITUTION
1.
Is a system of basic laws by which a county is governed.
2.
Are the basic principles which are accepted by the people of a
certain society in order to guide them.
Types
of constitutions
1.
Written constitution
2.
Unwritten constitution
1.
Written constitution: is the
one in which the fundamental principles and legal rules of the land have been
put down in written document. E.g. U.S.A
Advantages
of written constitution:
1.
Is simple, clear, precise and consistent.
2.
It can be readily consulted in case of doubt and disputes
3.
It is suitable for countries with fragile democracy.
Disadvantages
of written constitution.
1.
Some written constitution are so detailed hence not easy to
understand
2.
They tend to be rigid
3.
Takes long time to amend it.
2.
Unwritten constitution: the fundamental principles and legal rules
of the land have not been put down in a written form.
Advantages
of unwritten constitution:
1.
Easy to amend it
2.
Is flexible and understandable to changing condition
Disadvantages
of unwritten constitution:
1.
It is easy to be manipulated by those in power to the
disadvantage of the citizens
2.
Not suitable for young nations.
The
main pillars of constitution.
o Popular
sovereignty
o Limited
government
o Separation
of power
o Checks
and balances
o Judicial
reviews
Importance
of constitution
1.
Describes the form of government
2.
Describes the structure of government
3.
Distributes power to the state organs
4.
Shows the relationship between the government and the governed.
5.
Shows the methods by which those who govern come into power.
6.
Shows the rights and responsibilities of the citizen.
How
national constitutions are made
They
are made in special meetings. These meetings are sometimes referred to as:
1.
Constituent assembles or constitutional conventions
2.
National constitutional conference referendum
These
meetings are usually composed of representatives elected by the people of a
county. Sometimes they are made up by members of the organizations,
veteran politicians, religious leaders, head of institutions who came together
to negotiate and draft constitution.
Steps
in making a democratic constitution.
For the
democratic constitution to be made, the following have to be considered:
1.
Characteristics of the population i.e. homogeneous or diverse
2.
The economy tied to its geographic characteristics. E.g.
agriculture etc.
3.
The history that has shaped the nations aspirations
4.
Whether neighboring nations are peaceful or at war, since they
can’t be ignored.
How
constitution is safeguarded
1.
By taking oath office- the president for example has to swear
that he/she will safeguard the constitution.
2.
By appointing officials who can be dismissed if one doesn’t not
abide by the constitution.
3.
By court trial to anyone found acting against the constitution
and face appropriate action.
Constitutional
process in Tanzania.
The
first constitution of Tanganyika was written in 1961 under British
supervision. Late J.K Nyerere became a prime minister.
The
second constitution was made on 9th December
1962. It was made Tanganyika government to have final say in all matters
foreign and domestic. The president became the head of state and
government.
In
Zanzibar the first constitution was launched on 10th December
1963. The Arab Sultan was made the head of state.
On 12th January
1964, the Sultanate government was over thrown and Sheikh Abeid.A. Karume
became the president of Zanzibar.
On 26th April
1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united and the United Republic of Tanzania was
born. Because of the union, a new intern constitution was launched in January
1965.
In
1965, the ruling political party (TANU) established one party state, the
country’s constitution was changed to give legal effects.
On 5th February
1977, CCM was born after dissolving TANU and ASP. Therefore the first
permanent
In
1977, Zanzibar established the House of Representatives; therefore the
constitution of Zanzibar was formed.
For the
case of Zanzibar, again in 1984, a new constitution came after resignation of
AboudJumbe, in the same year, the president’s term of office was reduced to 2.5
years.
On 1st July
1992, Tanzania reintroduced multiparty political system so the constitution was
slightly changed.
Other
changes of constitution were made in 1994, when the president of Zanzibar
ceased to be the vice president of the United Republic of Tanzania, he just
remained the president of Zanzibar.
Constitutional
Amendments.
In
Tanzania, constitutional amendments are done by the parliament of URT.
The decision to amend or not is reached by vote. In some developed
countries the democratic constitution amendments are done by a process called
constitutional conference referendum. E.g. U.S.A, S. Africa, Germany.
Referendum.
Is a
method of changing constitution through all the politically interested groups
like religious institutions, civics society, political parties, business
community and judiciary meet, debate and vote for changes.
The
main provision of the constitution of Tanzania.
o Is on
the United Republic of Tanzania(URT), it has 3 sections, the first states
clearly that the URT is a multiparty democratic state. It has two governments.
o Is
about the executive of the URT i.e. Union government. This has 3 sections.
Section one spells out the power out, the power of the president and
presidential election.
o Section
two is on vice president, his/her power and responsibilities and section 3 is
about prime minister and cabinet.
Chapter
3
Is on
the legislature it has several sections, one of them is about parliament powers
and responsibilities; another section is about members of parliament, their
constituents and election.
Chapter
4
Is
about Zanzibar revolutionary government.Revolutionary council and the house of
the representative of Zanzibar.
Chapter
5
It has
several sections, one is about the high court of URT. Another one is on
the employment of magistrates and other officials in Tanzania mainland.
Chapter
6
Is
about the parliament commission of inquiry and the leadership code. It
has 2 sections; one is on the permanent commission of inquiry and section two
is on the secretarial of the leadership code.
Chapter
7
Have
two sections about the finances of the two sections to be defined by the
government of the URT.
Chapter
8
Is
about the local government and their roles.
Chapter
9
Is
about the armed forces.
Chapter
10
Is on
general matter of the constitution.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local
government is the agent of central government which carries out functions
within a specific area.
The
central government has autonomy. They form essential link between the
people and the central government. It is for this reason and other that
local government should be allowed to run their own affairs without
interference from central government.
REASONS
OF ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
1.
Linking the local community with the central government. The
people make their needs known to the central government through local
government.
2.
Making the best use of local resources e.g. food, water.
3.
Promoting democracy, councilors, have to be elected after every
5 years. The residents of each local government are to participate fully in
electing the councilors.
4.
Passing by laws, whose application varies with the environment.
This means that some by laws which apply in one district may be different from
others.
FORMS
OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1.
Village government
2.
District council
3.
Town council
4.
Municipal council
5.
City council
1.
Village Government
It is
the smallest government unit. It is made up of the village’s assembly and
village council. The adult population in the village forms village
assembly. The village council is the executive arms to the Village
assembly. It has the power to see day to day activities of the village.
2.
District council
It has
an area corresponding to that of government administrative district. The
council is composed of:
1.
Elected members, councilors
2.
Members elected by the minister responsible for the local
government
3.
The members of parliament.
A
district council is headed by the chairman who is assisted by the vice
chairman.
3.
Town council
Includes
those of Songea, Njombe, Lindi and Bukoba. Each town council is composed
of
1.
Members elected from each ward within the town.
2.
Members of the parliament representing the consistuency within
the town.
3.
National members of parliament residing in the town.
4.
Five members appointed by the minister responsible for local
government.
5.
This council is headed by a chairman who holds office for a term
of five years.
6.
There is town director for each council. The town director is
the secretary to the council but has no voting rights to any council
meetings. He is the chief executive.
4.
Municipal council
Municipalities
are towns which have a population of area 80,000 residents each. These
include Dodoma, Iringa, Moshi, Morogoro as the members. The council is
headed by Mayor assisted by Deputy Mayor. Both are elected by councilor’s
director who is the chief executive and serves as secretary to the council.
5.
City council
The
known cities in Tanzania are Dar Es Salaam, Mwanza, Tanga, Mbeya and
Arusha. However the government has recently recognized some regions to be
cities. Dar Es Salaam attained a city status in 1961 after Tanganyika
independence.
Members
of the city council consist of:
1.
Elected members. One from each ward in a city
2.
Members of parliament representing parliamentary consistence
3.
National members of parliament residing in the city
4.
Not more than six other members appointed by ministry responsible
for local government. The city council is headed by the mayor who is assisted
by the deputy mayor. The chief executive of the city council is the
director.
Functions
of local government.
The
local government is charged with two types of functions and general duties.
Mandatory
functions and duties of local government are those which the government is
required by law to discharge, these functions are:
1.
Social and economic welfare of all residents
2.
Maintenance of law and order
3.
Collection and proper utilization of revenue
4.
Making by-laws for the implementation
5.
National and local policies
6.
Consider, regulate and coordinate development.
Permissive
functions are those which local government may perform depending on the needs
and ability of resources mostly financial.
These
functions include:
1.
Control and prescription e.g. Methods of husbandry on land.
2.
Building, equipping and letting shops and dwelling houses
3.
Establishment, maintenance, operation and control drainage,
sewage.
4.
Charging fees for several services and licenses
5.
Building health centers and primary/secondary.
REVENUE
COLLECTION
Local
authorities need funds with which to pay their employee and carry out the
various services they offer.
Local
councils are empowered by the central government to raise revenue.
Various
ways, depending to some extend on their status.
THE
WAYS WHICH THE AUTHORITIES RAISE MONEY.
1.
Charges the council services e.g. refund collection and water
supply.
2.
License fees- fees are charged for various license issued by the
council.
3.
Rents- councils charge rents for the use of council property.
E.g. council houses, market stalls, sports stadiums. t.c
4.
Government grants- the central government gives grants to local
authorities for general expenditure and specific projects.
CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT
It is
the national government. It is concerned with the daily activities in the
country. The national government works through 3 organs.
o Legislature
o Executive
o Judiciary
The
functions of national government are carried out in 3 organs as mentioned
above.
PARLIAMENT
Is the
highest council of the country. The Tanzanian parliament is the national
assembly. It is one of the main branches of the government. The
members of the parliament are the members of the national assembly.
Types
of parliament
There
are 2 types of parliament all over the world.
1.
Bicameral parliament
2.
Unicameral parliament
1.
Unicameral parliament:It consists of a single legislative
chamber e.g. Tanzania
1.
Bicameral parliament: it consists of two legislativechambers
e.g. U.S.A or Britain
U.S.A –
the senate and house of representative
Britain
– House of lord and house of common
In
Tanzania the president is not a member of national assembly but he is represented
by the prime minister. The president occasionallyaddresses the
parliament.
THE
STRUCTURE OF THE PARLIAMENT
Members
of the parliament. There are 5 categories:
1.
Members are elected to represent constituencies one from each
constituency.
2.
Special groups. Being not less than 30% of the total elected by
the political parties.
3.
Five members elected by the house of representative from
Zanzibar
4.
Ten members appointed by president.
5.
Attorney general
LEADERSHIP
OF THE PARLIAMENT
The
following are leaders of parliament:
1.
Speaker of the parliament- head of legislature
2.
Deputy speaker
3.
Clerk of parliament
4.
Two chairpersons
The
following are functions of Tanzanian government:
1.To
make laws of the county- Involves debating bills brought up by either the
government of private members of parliament.
If the
bills are agreed upon by the president, they become acts and hence part of
laws.
2.To
approve government budget
The
parliament discusses the government budget and through to public accounts
committee examines in detail the ways the funds are spent.
It
debates the performance of each minister during the annual budget session of
the national assembly.
3.To
authorize any long or short term plans intended to be implemented in the United
Republic of Tanzania. Members of parliament question members who present a plan
clarification and information about the plan.
4.To
rectify agreement or treaties to which the government is concerned. The
parliament rectifies all treaties and agreements to which Tanzania is concerned
and provisions which require rectification.
5.To
oversee and advise the government and its organs. It is the principle organ in
Tanzania which has the authority on behalf of the people to oversee and advise
the government.
6.To
train political leaders. The parliament serves as a training ground for future
political leaders.
STANDING
COMMITTEES
The
national assembly works through different standing committees. They are:
1.
Steering committee
2.
Financial and economic committee
3.
Political affair committee
4.
Public accounts
5.
General purposes committee
6.
Foreign affairs committee
7.
Defence and security committee
8.
Constitutional and legal affairs
LIFE OF
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The
life of national assembly is 5 years starting on the date on which a new
national assembly meets.
COMPOSITION
OF TANZANIAN PARLIAMENT
It is
made up of:
o National
assembly
o President
Steps
of making laws in Tanzania
In
Tanzania, laws are made by parliament. The making of new law passes
through several stages.
1.
First reading of the bill.
At this
stage a bill is just proposed to the members of parliament.
2.
Bills sent to parliamentary committee.
The
speaker sends the bill to the parliamentary committee to be studied and
analysed.
3.
Second reading of the bill
The
bill is published in the government 21 days before the next parliament.
4.
Amendments to the bill by entire parliament
Following
the parliamentary debates, the house sits as a committee then discusses the
bill, section by section making amendments wherever necessary.
5.
Third reading of the bill
If some
amendments are made at stage (d) above, a third reading is made. This is
the last section of passing the bill in the houses.
6. The
presidents assent to the bill.
Following
the debates in the house, it is presented to the president for his assent. If
assent is rejected, it is returned to the house.
After a
bill is returned to the assembly, it cannot again be presented to the president
for a period of 6 months except if it is supported by two third of all
parliament members.
If a
bill is returned to the assembly by the president and supported by two thirds
of members and returned to the president, then the president must either assent
the bill within 21 days or dissolve the parliament.
THE
JUDICIARY
It is
one of the three principle organs of the state. It safeguards its
people’s constitutional rights.
The
main function of the judiciary:
1.
To make sure that the rule of law is maintained
2.
To ensure that justice is done to society therefore judges
should be free to give justice.
3.
To make sure that the parliament does not erect any law which
contradicts the constitution.
4.
To ensure that the executive part of the government does not
violate the human rights. The judiciary is headed by CHIEF JUSTICE who is
appointed by the president.
Under
the chief justice are JUDGES and MAGISTRATES. Whose duties are to see that
the laws of land are respected and the law breakers are punished.
THE
APPOINTMENT
The
principle judge and other judges of the High Court and Court of Appeal are
appointed by the president after consultation with the judicial service
commission.
Below the
high court judges are the various grades of magistrates. All magistrates
are responsible to the judicial service commission.
Judges
are appointed; they cannot be dismissed from office unless they are unable to
perform their duties because of illness or misuse of office.
Therefore
should be pruned by an INDEPENDENT COMMISSION OF JUDGES of another country
preferably to common wealth countries.
WHY?
This
helps to guarantee the judges freedom from fear and intimidation which would
impede the independence of the courts proclaimed in the constitution.
COURT
SYSTEMS IN TANZANIA
The
judiciary is the collective name for the personal working in the legal system
and the courts. The officials in the judicial system include:
o Court
clerks
o Magistrates
o Judges
State
attorneys- who conduct state prosecutions and court assessors.
STRUCTURE
OF THE JUDICIARY
The
judiciary is made up of
1.The
ward tribunal- this is formed by an elected group of wise men of a ward or
village to judicial minor cases.
2.Primary
court
o This is
the lowest court
o The
head is primary court magistrate
o They
have a basic certificate in law
o Advocates
are not allowed to defend the accused.
3.District
Magistrate court
o This is
the secondary level of the court system
o Headed
by a law degree holder
o Advocates
can serve the accused
4.Resident
Magistrates court
o This is
the tertiary level of the judiciary system
o Magistrates
serving at this level are fist degree holders but have much experience
5.The
High Court
o This is
served by judges
o It has
power to hear all types of cases including murder, high treason.
6.The
Appeal Court (Court of Appeal)
o This
was established in 1979
o This
court only hears appeal cases forwarded to it by high court
o Also a
case may originate from primary court to reach appeal court.
o This is
ultimately the highest possible legal ladder a case may reach.
7.The
Special Constitutional court
o The
court is not permanent
o Have
neither permanent judges nor buildings
o This
court is summed only when there is conflicting interpretations of the
constitution between the two sides of the union e.g. Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
THE
LEGAL SYSTEM
o It is
headed by the ATTORNEY GENERAL
o He is
the chief advisor to the government and is a cabinet member
o He is a
chief public prosecutor
FUNCTIONS
o As a
chief public prosecutor he is responsible to lead government cases through the
courts.
o To
appoint magistrates
o To
ensure that the system works as smoothly as can be.
THE
EXECUTIVE
The
executive is made up of the Head of Government and the Cabinet Minister.
The executive branch puts law into practice through administration. The
executive is made of three parts:
o The
president- is a chief executive
o The
cabinet – composed of ministers
o The
civil service
Functions
of executive
o To
enforce law
Done by
police to law breakers
o To
defend the nation
Armed
forces under Ministry of Defence
o To
provide social services
Through
other Ministries
o Regulate
international dealings
Trades
and diplomacy with other nations
The 3
groups of executive
1.
President
The
president of the URT is the Head of State, the Head of Government and the
Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The president has executive
powers. He either exercises these powers directly or indirectly.
Functions
and powers of president
1.
As a head of state
o Represents
his county at home and abroad
o Signs
treaties with other countries
o Resides
in the state house
o Receives
ambassadors from other countries
1.
As head of government
o Has all
power in the government
o Appoints
civil servants
o Appoints
ministers, judges, chief justice, prime ministers etc.
o Appoints
members of various commission
1.
As a commander in chief
o Appoints
commission officers in defence forces
o Appoints
and dismisses any URT members
o Many
declare a State of emergence
This
can be done if:
1.
The nation is at war
2.
The nation is in danger of invasion
3.
There is actual breakdown of public order and safety
In case
the president dies in office, the vice president takes the power for the
remaining period before election.
The
election of the President
The
president of the URT is elected by people during election.
The
union president candidate is elected if he gets single majority rates.
Qualifications
of presidential candidate
o He must
be Tanzanian
o The age
of 40 years
o A
person is not elected more than twice.
The
president assumes the office within 7 days after declaration of election.
And stays in the office for 5 years.
The
Vice President
The V.P
is the principle assistant to the president in all affairs of the URT. He
is elected with the president. The V.P acts under the provision and
guidance of the president. President or V. P must be either from mainland
or island.
Prime
Minister
o The P.M
is appointed by the president and approved by the parliament.
o The P.M
must be the Member of Parliament.
o He is
the leader of government in national assembly
o The P.M
is responsible for control supervision and execution of daily government
functions.
THE
CABINET
o It
provides basic structure of the government
o The
cabinet of URT consists of president, V.P and ministers
o Deputy
Ministersare not members of cabinet, but the president of Zanzibar is also a
member of the cabinet.
o The
cabinet is principle advisory organ of the president.
THE
MINISTER
o Minister
is a political head of ministry.
o He has
to answer all questions related to his ministry.
o He
represents the President at ministerial level.
o Have
powers to appoint board members of institutions under his ministry e.g. coffee
board.
Every
R.C is responsible for discharge of all the functions of the government of the
United Republic within his regions.
The
Civil service.
It is
the part of the government that carries out the orders given by the minister
and president.
At the
top we have chief secretary who is the chief executive officer of the civil
service, he is appointed by president.
The
chief secretary is also secretary to the cabinet and principle secretary to the
president.
All
matters of:
o Appointment
o Promotion
o Dismissal
o Disciplinary
control
Of
civil service are regulated by the CIVIL SERVICE ACT and CIVIL SERVICE
REGULATIONS.
MINISTERIAL
LEVEL
The
principle secretary of each ministry is the head of the ministry. He is
assisted by:
o Commissioners
o Directors
of department
o Heads
of sections
Each
department has its own organised body of trained workers.
QUALITIES
OF A CIVIL SERVANT
A good
civil servant needs technical skills, experience, efficiency secrecy and sense
of responsibility. He should be honest and impartial.
1.
Skills – is the level of education e.g. certificate and other
qualifications.
2.
Experience – is obtained when one works for a long time.
3.
Efficiency – can be attained by skill and experience which will
enable her/him to be quick.
4.
Secrecy – a servant must keep quiet about certain things in his
work
5.
Responsibility –one must be able to be responsible for ones
decisions.
6.
Honesty- is when a servant is always true to his deeds.
TYPES
OF CIVIL SERVANTS
1.
Subordinate – simple mechanical routine work
2.
Clerical – work which is an application of well-defined
regulations
3.
Executive – specialization in certain task
4.
Administrative duties- this is concerned with:
o Formation
of policy
o Improvement
of government machinery
o Administration
o Control
of other civil servant
The
army and police are not included in the government.
SOURCE
OF GOVERNMENT REVENUE
They
include:
1.
DIRECT TAXES
The
main form is income tax. It is paid by people employed by the government
and private sector.
E.g.
o Monthly
payments
o Interest
on investments
o Profits
from business
Other
forms of direct tax
o Property
transfer taxes
o Airport
tax
o Game
parks
o Museum
fees
o Fine
from courts
2.
INDIRECT TAXES
These
include imports and export duties of which are known as customs duties.
Import duties are for goods brought into the county while export is paid on all
exports like tea, coffee, and sisal.
Excise
duties are charged on locally manufactured goods which are sold and used in the
country e.g. Beers, soaps, and cigarettes.
3.
DOMESTIC LOAN BORROWING
Is the
sale of government bond and treasury bills to the public. The government
also borrows money from external sources such as:
Foreign
government
Foreign
institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank.
ADB-
African development Bank.
INTERNAL SOURCES
|
LOTTERIES
|
FRIENDLY COUNTRIES
|
LOAN
|
EXTERNAL
SOURCES
|
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
|
LICENCES, (BUSINESS, VEHICLES, HUNTING ETC.)
|
VAT
|
EXCISE DUTY
|
CUSTOMES DUTY
|
CORPORATION TAX
|
PERSONAL TAX
|
INCOME TAX
|
INDIRECT
|
DIRECT
|
GOVERNMENT BONDS (INSURANCE)
|
PROVIDENT FUNDS
|
FEES
|
RENT
|
LEASE
|
TAXES
|
INTERNAL LOANS & LOTTERIES
|
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
|
GOVERNMENT REVENUE
|
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
|
FRIENDLY COUNTRIES
|
GRANTS
|
4.
GRANTS
These
are external source of government revenue. They are non- payable
money given to the country by foreign governments.
5.
CHARGES FROM PROVISION OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES
The
government obtains revenue by charging users for provision of services like
water, electricity and medical treatment.
6.
LICENCES
Is when
the government obtains income through selling licences to various individuals
and companies for different activities from government departments.
7.
PROFIT FROM PARASTATALS
The
government own some parastatals fully while in others the government holds the
majority shares. As a result, the government receives a large share of
the profits made by the parastatals.
CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
There
are 2 kinds of government expenditures
1.
Capital expenditures
2.
Recurrent expenditures.
1.
Capital expenditures – is
expenditure on lasting or permanent assets. These assets add to a country’s
capital and may be expected on time to pay for themselves. E.g. Roads,
railways, school, hospitals and government offices.
1.
Recurrent expenditures- Is
expenditure on running costs. E.g. buying text books, exercise books,
medicines.
It
keeps on being year after year. It doesn’t only happen once, it recurs.
JUDICIARY
It is
one of the 3 principle organs of the state. It safeguards the people’s
constitution rights. Its main functions are:
1.
To make sure that rule of law is maintained
2.
To ensure that justice is done
3.
To make sure that parliament does not erect any law.
4.
To ensure that the executive part of the government does not
violate the basic human rights provided for, in the constitution.
THE
UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR
Tanganyika
and Zanzibar formed a union by which URT was born. The union occurred on
26th April 1964. This union did not form a unitary
state. Zanzibar retained its own government. The other side of the
union i.e. Tanganyika has no government of its own.
Factors
which precipitate the function of the union:
1.
The people of Tanganyika and Zanzibar originated from the same
race.
2.
Geographical closeness
3.
Same historical background
4.
The two countries speak the same language
5.
Same culture
6.
The former political parties TANU and ASP had similar ideologies
7.
Friendship between the two presidents.
ADVANTAGES
OF THE UNION:
1.
Facilitates development in Tanzania
2.
Enables to share local resources
3.
Strengthens economic activities between the two
4.
Presumed to be the major step towards unity of Africa
PROBLEMS
OF UNION:
1.
Very expensive to run
2.
Existing governments are debatable
3.
Zanzibar has separate House of Representatives while in mainland
the national assembly there are MPs from Zanzibar
4.
There is confusion about presidents
5.
Poverty
Achievements
of the union:
1.
It still exists
2.
There is peace on both sides
3.
Good relationship with other states
4.
Some union problems are solved peacefully
5.
Good social and economic welfare from government
GOVERNMENT
OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
UNION
AND NON UNION MATTERS:
According
to the Article of Union which formed was formed between Tanganyika and
Zanzibar. The URT was formed by two governments. These are:
o The
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania
o The
revolution Government of Zanzibar
The
president of the revolution of Zanzibar has all powers in the affairs of
Zanzibar except union matters and non-union matters to mainland.
UNION
MATTERS:
According
to the constitution, the following matters are placed under union government.
1.
The constitution and government of the United Republic
2.
External affairs
3.
Defence
4.
Police
5.
Emergency powers
6.
Citizenship
7.
Immigration
8.
External trade and borrowing
9.
Income tax cooperation tax and excise duties
10.
Financial matters, legal tenders, coins and bank currency
11.
Higher education
12.
Industrial licence and statistics
13.
Research
14.
Court of appeal of URT
15.
Registration of political parties
16.
National exam council of Tanzania and council related matters
17.
Aviation and air transport
18.
Petroleum and natural resources
19.
Statistics
Non-union
matters:
1.
Health
2.
Judicial system
3.
Agriculture
4.
Primary, secondary and technical education
5.
Communication
2.DEMOCRACY
Democracy
is originated from a Greek word i.e. DEMO means people, CRATE means
power. Therefore it means PEOPLE’S POWER.
It is
the system of government and leadership in which the supreme power belongs to
the people.
Types
of democracy:
There
are 2 types of democracy
1.
Direct democracy (Pure)
2.
Indirect democracy (Representative)
1.
Direct democracy: it is
the type of government whereby every free citizen participates in the
discussion regarding their affairs. It is possible in small population.
Characteristics
of direct democracy:
o Allows
highest level of participation
o It
works in a community where citizens have a consensual view of their goal
o It is
possible in societies with enough freedom to their decision
o It is
possible in societies relative homogeneity among its members e.g. cultures,
values etc.
1.
Indirect democracy: it is
a type of democracy where by different groups elects a person to represent them
and given power to decide on their behalf.
It has
its origins in Europe during the formation of capitation.
Characteristics
of indirect democracy:
o Citizens
rule through their elected leaders
o Elected
leaders are installed and removed through constitutionally and periodically
organised elections.
o All
adult citizens have rights to vote or be voted
o Citizens
have freedom of speech, opinions provided that they abide by rules of the land
o There
is separation of powers
Importance
of democracy
o People
can choose their leaders
o Citizens
participate in making decisions
o Allows
high degree of tolerance
o Allows
freedom of criticism and transparency
o Citizens
participate in different community activities.
Disadvantages
of democracy
o It is
noisy
o It
takes too long to make decisions
o Sometimes
the better candidate may not win due to competition
Elements
of representative democracy
1.
Constitution
2.
Separation of powers
3.
Rule of law
4.
Multiparty system
5.
A bill of human rights
6.
Transparency
7.
Accountability
8.
Free and fair elections
9.
The process of voting should be peaceful
10.
Control of abuse of power
11.
Political tolerance
DICTATORSHIP
Is the
form of government in which all powers rest in and is exercised by a single
person or group of people.
Types
of Dictatorship:
1.
Fascism: is the one where the
political party is headed by the dictator, who holds all the powers
2.
Aristocracy: the one where few
persons form and control the government.
3.
Authoritarianism: is
where the government seeks no consent of the people.
4.
Totalitarian: where government
controls all the activities of the people.
Characteristics
of Dictatorship:
1.
They are the source of authority, laws and justice
2.
They employ police, army, preventive, detentions and prisons as
a control organ of administration.
3.
They usually seize political power of the state by use of force
4.
They usually abuse their power
5.
They are responsible to no one and there is no rule of law
DEMOCRATIC
ELECTIONS
Election
is the process by which people vote for the candidate of their choice. A
political election or democratic election gives people a chance to vote and
decide who will lead them in future.
Election
is said to be democratic, if they are held in an atmosphere where participants
are tolerated and willing to listen to the political views of the opponents.
OR
Democratic
election is the election in which electoral law and rules are fair and equal
for all contestants.
Factors
that make elections democratic
The
following are some of them:
1.
Campaigns and political meetings- where the candidates present
their views, premises, programs and voters ask questions.
o These
views can be heard or read from electronic media or print area.
o Campaigns
should allow freedom of assembly and association. It also means that
candidates, parties and voters should not be intimidated or threatened.
2.Equal
opportunities to all parties
3.Equal
access to mass media
4.Campaigns are on political and social issues
4.Campaigns are on political and social issues
5.Abiding
by an equal code of political parties
The
Importance of Democratic Election
1.
Services as powerful means of transferring power from one
person/group to another
2.
To choose good leaders. People vote because they need the best
leaders who will make laws and by laws which determine day to day lives.
3.
Ensures equal opportunity to all parties
4.
Ensures good governance
5.
To make government responsible for its acts
6.
Used to decide matters
7.
Improve political system
Conditions
and procedures to elections
Election
procedures differs from one country to another, however certain principle
characterize elections on many countries e.g. government elections are
generally held at an interval of 5 years.
Conditions
for voters and candidates in Tanzania
1.
Age must not be less than 18 years
2.
Mentally healthy
3.
Should not be in prison or has been imprisoned for the past 5
years
4.
People have to register themselves as voters
5.
He should be a Tanzanian
6.
Elections are by secret ballots
7.
Equal access to media
Presidential
candidates
o Citizen
of Tanzania
o Adult
not less than 40 years
o Member
of political parties
o There
is a minimum standard
o Person
who proves his ability to lead the country democratically
o Mentally
fit
Parliamentary
candidates must be
o Adult
not less than 21 years
o Citizen
of Tanzania
o Member
of registered political parties
o Literate
o Residents
of the constituency in question
o Mentally
fit
ELECTION
CAMPAIGNS
It is a
series of activities to win votes for a certain candidate, party or
proposal. In Tanzania, candidates are members of the political parties.
Campaign
activities
1.
Parties choose their candidate and help them by providing
publicity
2.
National leaders of each party makes speeches and policy
documents
3.
Local branches of each party have campaign committees
4.
Volunteers distribute leaflets, prepare meetings and help call
people for support
5.
Use of T.V and radio for campaigning
6.
On election days, voting is supervised by officials
Parliament
and Presidential Elections
o Are
known as general elections. In Tanzania general elections are done after 5
years
o For
this election, one is decided a winner by simple majority votes
o Elections
are held to fill parliamentary seats which become vacant between general
elections
When
are parliamentary elections held?
Are
held when any of the following take place
1.
Parliament is dissolved
2.
Members of the parliament resign
3.
Member of the parliament fail to discharge their duties
4.
Member of the parliament dies
Before
elections, political parties and candidates are given a period of campaign
THE
NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION(N.E.C)
It
organises and supervises the elections. Include setting up of the
electoral procedures and supervisors.
FUNCTIONS
OF N.E.C
1.
Organise and supervise election of president, MPs and local
authorities.
2.
Settle complaints
3.
Setup electoral procedures and supervisors
4.
Register political parties
5.
Supervise implementation of law
6.
Receive and audit annual account of political parties.
3.GENDER
Is a
social identity which refers to a person.State of being either a feminine or a
masculine.
Gender
relation
Are
social relationships between men and women and the interaction that takes place
between them within a particular social or cultural context.
Gender
relations in any society influence the way male and female behave towards each
other. It also helps to explain the differences between man and woman,
the roles they play and why they do so.
Gender
roles:
o Are
formed by men and women in the society
o Are
influenced by time, geographical location, and development level
o Are
contextual and cultural specific andcannot be generalized
Types
of gender roles:
1.
Women- production and reproduction includes child bearing,
cooking, cleaning and food production.
2.
Men- production and reproduction includes hunting, protecting
family, looking after cattle, building houses and food production.
Gender
discrimination
Implies
treating women unequally from men based on their gender e.g. refusing a
qualified female engineer to supervise bridge construction simply because she
is a woman.
Gender
equality
o Is part
of human equality to UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
o Refers
to equal sharing of power and goods, resources between men and women in the
society
o Also
equal participation in production distribution, services, right to own and
control property.
o Equal
access to protection, healthcare, education, employment.
Sex
State
of being male or female. It’s to great extent permanent universal and
biological determination female or male.
Gender
issues
Culture
of people of Tanzania has a meaning only if reality of today and can help in
construction of Tanzanians of tomorrow. The report of the 4th world
conference on women in Beijing highlighted the following areas of concern
arising from cultural trends in Tanzania.
Gender
disparity
1.
Majority of the girls and women are semi-literate, most parents
don’t want to invest girls in education.
2.
Most women are poor because of economic policies have not been
in favour also economic planning is gender blind.
3.
Cultural belief- women are readily affected by cultural belief
in witchcraft, poor nutrition and ignorance about healthcare.
4.
Polygamy- this is also affecting women, polygamy which isn’t
only among muslims but also Christians.
5.
Marriage- women are also affected by forced marriage of both
women and girls.
6.
Teaching of initiation- it very often urges girls to be
subservient to their future husbands.
Social-cultural
practices that hinder equality between men and women in the society
1.
Payment of dowry/bride price
Dowry
reduces women to the status of property. The higher the bride price, the
more the woman’s value. Some women are treated as slaves because of low
dowry.
2.Lack
of education
In some
societies parents are reluctant to send their daughters to school. The
assumption is that the girls are bound to be married sooner or later.
3.Basic
customary laws
In most
ethnic groups, women are regarded as inferior partners of men, which leads to
denial of many basic rights to women.
4.Poor
and insufficient diet
In some
societies women are restricted to eat some food especially when they are
pregnant. This leads to malnourishment or undernourished women.
5.Excessive
work
Most
women work for at least 14 to 16 hours; they work for longer hours than men and
engage in various activities.
6.Acceptance
of the status of quo
Most
women in our society have accepted their position of staying at home and want
their husbands to bring everything so they regard themselves as junior
partners.
7.Social
expectation
Societies
expect women to have children. Bearing many children tends to weaken
mothers.
Solution
to curb negative socio-cultural practise in societies
1.
To eradicate laws
Eradication
of customary laws in the society should be done through provision of
education. The customary law leads to deprival of many basic rights to
women. The societies should be educated on the disadvantages of customary
laws on side of women, and then gradually they will stop it.
2.
To reduce the expectations of the status of women in the
Men should be made aware of the fact that the place of women isn’t
necessarily in the homes. Women should be encouraged to access themselves
in the village district and national affairs.
3.
Equal access to education
Women
should be educated just like men. The negative opinions about women and
their abilities must be changed from the family level.
4.
Placing women in responsible positions and influence them of
their capability could be demonstrated clearly.
5.
Agricultural programs to address women. It has been argued that
they are principle collectors and they are working for long periods of time in
a day. Therefore agricultural programs must be addressed to women and men
equally. They should also seek to solve the women’s problems.
6.
Equal and direct access to socio economic activities. Both
genders have to have equal access to various information and owning property,
education and employment opportunities. In most cases women get
information indirectly through their husbands. Women could be trained,
educated and developed just like men.
7.
Enactment of laws which promote women’s rights
Laws
have been passed to stop discrimination against women in Tanzania e.g. law on
land ownership and marriage law.
8.
Elimination of local beliefs
Some
local beliefs that hinder women to access some food which they are pregnant,
should be erased in our society.
PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS
- SOCIAL PROBLEM
Problem is something that is difficult to deal with or to
understand.
Social problem are difficult that
affect a community such as
- Violence
- Drug Abuse
- Conflict
- HIV/ AIDS
- Poverty
- In adequate health care
- Corruption
- Poor housing
- In adequate clean and safe water
- In adequate health care
2.
SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
These are the way that a person or community deals with a
difficult solution. They involve analyzing a problem to determine the best way
of reading or ending it.
They are related to
decision making because they require to make a choice and act on it
3. STEPS
IN THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
Problem solving is usually done in
steps one at a time.
These stapes are:
- Initiating mediation.
Mediation
is the process of trying to end a disagreement between people or groups by
talking to them and helping them find a suitable for all those involved.
The one
who initiating mediation is known as the Mediator.
ii)
Gathering information.
The mediator trying to find the root
causes of the problem by asking questions.
iii) Define the problem
At this stage the disagreement is
explained in order to know the problem. Knowing a problem is an important stage
in solving the problem,Therefore it is advised that the mediator has to clearly
understand and define the root cause of the problem .
iv) Generating alternatives.
This is a stage of coming up with
many solutions to the problem.
v) Agreeing to a solution.
It is the stage of choosing the best
alternative to solve the problem.
vi) Following through to see that the plan is carried outs.
This is the stage of implementing
and testing the solution to see if it works.
4. IMPORTANCE
OF APPLYING PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Applying
problem solving technique in difficult facing society help to.
1.) Bring a peace by resolving
conflict between tribesmen of the community.
2.) Raise the living standard of the
society. E.g. improving housing health services.
3) Ensure fairly
treatment of all members of the community’
4) Put stop
to vices such as drug abuse, child labour and prostitution
5) Protect the
environment e.g. By recycling plastic containers instead of throwing them a
away or burning them
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